Master of Orion II: Battle at Antares/Growing your population

This guide has already said more than once, "Population is power." Now is a good time for an example of why that's true.

Games of MOO II are won by industrial capacity and technology. Let's look at research first, as it's a little simpler. In a pre-warp game you start with no research-boosting technologies, so the speed of your research directly depends on how many people you have working as scientists. If your race and planet have no research bonus or penalty, that's 3 RP (research points) per scientist. Now suppose you build a Research Lab, the first research building in the tech tree. Remember that you can only have one of each type of building per planet. A Research Lab produces: So a Research Lab plus 1 scientist will produce 9 RP, while for example a Research Lab plus 4 scientists will produce 21 RP.
 * 5 RP all on its own.
 * 1 extra RP per scientist. Since your scientists were producing 3 RP each before you built the Research Lab, they are now producing 4 RP per scientist.

Looking at industrial production and the effects of an Automated Factory, the first industrial building in the tech tree, the figures for construction points work out in the same way, except for one thing - at this low tech level you have no pollution control technologies. So an Automated Factory plus 4 workers will produce 18-19 PP (production points) instead of 21, because 2-3 have to be spent on cleaning up pollution (unless your race is Tolerant; then you get the full 21 PP). Once you get some pollution control, the construction figures work very like the research figures: adding a few more people increases your output significantly.

The same principles apply in Average and Advanced start games - more advanced facilities may be available, but all except research building, 1 industrial building and 2 agricultuiral buildings require people.

Natural population growth
You could just wait for the population of each planet to grow naturally, but that's inefficient:
 * It's slow.
 * Natural population is growth is fastest when a planet is about 50% full. So maximizing natural growth would mean moving people out of your most populous and usually most developed, most productive planets.
 * Buildings have maintenance costs, and young empires can't afford to waste money. That means you don't want buildings that are used by only a few people, you want to maximise the number of people using each building.

Population 1 housing colonies
You start a pre-warp game with no technologies that boost population growth, but you're doing everything else ( farming, production, research) with zero or minimal help from automation, so you need more pairs of hands (or whatever appendages your race uses). Fortunately there's a a very effective low-tech way to increase population growth. You can order a colony to "build" Housing, which directs its industrial output into population growth.

Rather surprisingly, Housing works fastest in colonies with a population of 1, so it does not divert a lot of your population from research and construction. A population 1 planet "building" Housing with no industrial buildings and no racial or planetary industrial bonuses or penalties will produce a new unit of population every 4-5 turns. This means you should check every couple of turns for Housing colonies with more than 1 unit of population, and move the excess to production / research / farming elsewhere. That's a win-win deal: you get more efficient Housing as well as increased production / research / farming output.

The easy way to do this check is via the Colony List: click the "Producing" label at the bottom and the List will sort by what each colony is producing. Housing as always at the bottom of a listing so a scroll to the bottom. All your Housing colonies are grouped, and it will be easy to spot any that have more than "person".

Then you can use the Colony List to move the excess to where they're needed. MOO II wasn't designed for Windows, so it doesn't use the common "drag and drop" technique. In fact it's even simpler: click a "worker" icon (in the "Workers" column and the cursor will change to show the icon; move the icon to where you want the "person" and click. When your empire gets larger you may need to scroll the Colony List to find the destination you want; and you can use the scrollbar while the cursor is a "person" icon. Quite often you will want to move the "person" to another planet in the same system; but the destination will be making something else. You can make it easy to find the destination by clicking the "Name" label to sort the List by names of planets (they are always star name followed by a number) so that planet in the same system are grouped together, then scroll until the planets in that system appear. All this time the cursor is the "person" icon, but the game software won't drop the person until you click in the "Farmers", "Workers" or "Scientists" box of a colony.

Don't let colonies stay full
If a colony becomes full, move 1 or 2 people to another colony that's productive but some way a short of full. Unfortunately the Colony List doe snot have an option to sort by amount of spare living space, so you jst have to scroll through it every few turns once some of you colonies get close to full. This can be a pain, but getting a few percent more people may give you a slight but vital advantage over the empire next door.

Technologies that boost population growth
Eventually you'll want at least some of your "baby factories" to start producing real buildings, but you may want to keep up your population growth rate. There are 3 technologies that help you to do this: There are alternative technologies at each of these levels, so if your race is not Creative you will have to decide whihc one you want and hope to get the other(s) by spying, conquest or trading.
 * Cloning Centers (400 RP). When you build a Cloning Center, a colony's population growth increases by 0.1 "person" per turn, i.e. 1 "person" every ten turns.
 * Microbiotics (900 RP). This an "achievement", i.e. you get the benefit without producing a building. The benefit is that the natural growth rate of all your coloniesis increases to 125% of the basic value.
 * Universal Antidote (4500 RP, so it comes a lot later), another achievement that increases the natural growth rate of all your colonies to 150% of the basic value (and replaces Microbiotics if you got that earlier).

Increasing your colonies' population capacity
Eventually more of your colonies will become full, and your population growth will grind to a halt if you haven't prepared for this. You could create more colonies, but by this other empires are probably in a similar situation, so wars for territory are very likely. You could make ships to defend new colonies, but ultimately defense does not win games; your fleet should be as free as possible to attack.

Fortunately there are technologies that resolve this dilemma.

Biospheres
These low-tech buildings (80 RP; 60 PP; maintenance 1 BC) increase the population capacity of a colony by 2. If your race is not Creative you have to choose at this tech level between Biospheres and Hydroponic Farms (automated farms that produce 2 food; 60 PP; maintenance 2 BC), but Biospheres are almost always the better choice: they cost less to maintain (at this stage most empires still have to be careful with money); on a good planet you can use 1 of the 2 extra people for farming and the other for research or production.

Terraforming and Gaia Transformation
Terraforming (1150 RP; no maintenance) and Gaia Transformation (7500 RP to research; 500 PP to "build"; no maintenance) enable you to improve planets in ways that generally increase both farming efficiency and population capacity. No production cost is quoted for Terraforming because it's variable for reasons that you'll soon see.

To understand Terraforming you need to understand how a planet's population capacity depends on its size, its type ("climate" in the manual) and the race that inhabits it (not necessarily the race that owns it, as it mght have been conquered). The following table shows the maximum populations of each size and type of planets for each of "normal", Aquatic, Tolerant and Subterranean races (if you use combinations such as Aquatic + Tolerant you'll have to get used to working them out yourself):

The rules that govern Terraforming are:
 * Toxic planets can't be terraformed at all.
 * Radiated planets can't be terraformed until they have a Radiation Shield (900 RP; 80 PP; 1 BC maintenance; non-Creative empires have to make a fairly difficult choice at this level) or one of its more advanced and expensive relatives, to convert the planet from Radiated to Barren.
 * A planet can be terraformed up to 3 times, stopping when it's upgraded to Terran; a planet's first terraforming costs 250 PP, its second costs 500 PP and its third costs 750 PP (so the full cost of terraforming 3 times is 250 + 500 + 750 PP = 1500 PP, about the same as a very high-tech Creative battleship with all the most expensive equipment).

When you're playing a competitive game rather than just showing off against the AI(s), you probably want to terraform each sub-Terran planet only once, and even then you may only want to terraform where you gain the most in population capacity.

The changes made by 1 terraforming project are:
 * Barren becomes Desert if the planet is in one of the 2 inner orbits (nearest its star), Tundra if the planet is in one of the 2 outer orbits (furhtest from its star) and either Desert or Tundra (50% chance of each) if it's in the middle orbit. The orbit numbers are not simply the relative positions of the planets,as some orbits may be empty; for example occasionally you'll see a system with only 1 planet but in the outermost orbit. Terraforming Barren planets does not increase population capacity except if the inhabitants are Aquatic and the result is Tundra, which counts as a "wet" planet (the planet population  capacities table above provides details). Barren to Tundra is a huge gain for Aquatics on Medium and larger planets, and reasonable even on Tiny planets.
 * Desert becomes Arid. This is one of the biggest increases in population capacity, and applies to all types of race.
 * Tundra becomes Swamp. This is not gain for Aquatics, and other races only gain significantly if the planet is Large or Huge.
 * Arid becomes Terran. Only Large and Huge planets gain significant extra population capacity, for all types of race.
 * Ocean becomes Terran. This is no gain for Aquatics but the largest gain for other races.
 * Swamp becomes Terran. This is no gain for Aquatics but a huge gain for other races. This is significant for Aquatics on Medium and larger planets, and for other races on Small and larger planets.

Gaia Transformation is quite expensive (500 PP) but its population gains are less impressive:
 * Significant for "normal" and Subterranean races only on Medium and larger planets.
 * No gain at all for Aquatic or Tolerant races.

Advanced City Planning
This very advanced achievement (6000 RP; no construction or maintenance) adds 5 top the maximum population of all your colonies (except any that you captured from empires that already had Advanced City Planning). It's so late in the tech tree and expensive to research (especially when you take into account the prerequisite lower tech levels) that it will not turn up in many competitive games. And as usual if your race is not Creative you have to chosse between this and 2 other technologies at the same level.